日本免费精品视频,男人的天堂在线免费视频,成人久久久精品乱码一区二区三区,高清成人爽a毛片免费网站

Contents

總序 文秋芳 iii

導讀 韓寶成 羅凱洲 vi

Acknowledgments xxvi

1 Objectives and expectations, or why we need another book about language testing 1

PART I: Conceptual foundations 18

2 Issues and considerations 19

3 Describing language use and language ability 33

4 Describing characteristics of language use and language assessment tasks 59

5 Justifying the use of language assessments 86

PART II: Constructing an Assessment Use Argument 140

6 Overview of assessment development and use 142

7 Initial planning 149

8 Constructing an Assessment Use Argument for developing and justifying a language assessment 159

9 The intended consequences of using language assessments 183

10 The decisions to be made on the basis of language assessments 200

11 Interpretations 217

12 Assessment records 252

PART III: Developing and using language assessments in the real world 257

13 Real world conditions and constraints on language assessment 259

14 Developing a Design Statement 280

15 Developing assessment tasks 320

16 Recording and interpreting assessment performance 337

17 Blueprints 387

18 Preparing effective instructions 402

19 Collecting feedback and backing 414

20 Identifying, allocating, and managing resources 432

21 Using language assessments responsibly 450

Bibliography 463

Index 475