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導(dǎo)讀

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 On Knowing a Language

Introduction

Defining Language Proficiency

Proficiency and Language Acquisition Theory

Some Research Findings about Oral Proficiency

Issues in Language Proficiency Assessment: Caveats, Clarifications, and New Directions

Defining the Content of Instruction: The Standards for Foreign Language Learning

Summary: On Knowing a Language

Activities for Review and Discussion

References

2 On Learning a language

Introduction

Exploring Theories of Language Learning

The Role of Individual Learner Factors in Second-Language Learning

Relating Theory to Practice: Some Considerations

Summary: On Learning a Language

Activities for Review and Discussion

References

3 On Teaching a Language

Orienting Instruction toward Proficiency

The Proficiency Orientation of Existing Methodologies: A Preliminary Appraisal

Three "Traditional" Methods

Reactions to Audiolingualism: Two Mentalist Perspectives

A Functional Approach: Communicative Language Teaching

Modern Adaptations of the Direct Method

Humanistic Approaches to Language Teaching

Summary: On Teaching a Language

Activities for Review and Discussion

References

4 The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning

The Importance of Context and Background Knowledge in the Comprehension Process: Some Theoretical Considerations

Research on the Role of Context in Comprehension

The Role of Computers in Providing Richer Contexts for Language Learning

Integrating Language and Content: Immersion and Content-Based Instruction

Summary: The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning

Activities for Review and Discussion

References

5 A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading

A Rationale for Teaching Listening and Reading

Similarities in Listening and Reading

Differences between Spoken and Written Discourse

Integrating Listening, Reading, and the Productive Skills: The Vision of the Standards for Foreign Language Learning

Teaching Listening Comprehension

Sample Formats for Listening Comprehension

Teaching Reading Comprehension

Sample Formats for Reading Comprehension

Summary: A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading

Activities for Review and Discussion

References

6 Developing Oral Proficiency

7 Becoming Proficient in Writing

8 Teaching for CuItural Understanding

9 Classroom Testing

pilogue Planning Instruction for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom